For karyotyped images, DAPI-stained chromosomes were measured using Optimas v6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD). In addition to its distinctive length (5.11 μm), SBI-01 is one of only two submetacentric pairs and is the only “satellite” chromosome. Each letter corresponds to a linkage group (Menz et al. The diploid genome (~730 Mb) has a haploid chromosome number of 10. 2000; Kong et al. The unified nomenclature system for chromosomes and linkage groups of line BTx623 provide a reasonable basis for a genomic nomenclature for S. bicolor in that this line is readily available, highly inbred, and extensively used for genetic, breeding, and genomics research. Relative lengths of chromosomes in FISH-karyotyped metaphase spreads of the elite inbred BTx623 were used to estimate the molecular size of each chromosome and to establish a size-based nomenclature for sorghum chromosomes (SBI-01–SBI-10) and linkage groups (LG-01 to LG-10). Millsp. Parasorghum. A phylogenetic tree based on ITS1, Adh1 and ndhF grouped the species of the genus Sorghum into one distinct monophyletic group, but including two sister lineages, one with x=5, the other with x=10 as basic chromosome numbers. Karyotype-aided analysis of sorghum chromosome size and DNA content recently allowed the establishment of a unified sorghum chromosome numbering system (K im et al. Cytogenetically, sorghum is a diploid of 2n = 2x = 20 where 2n is the somatic chromosome number having two complete sets (2x) of chromosomes and a chromosome number of 20. 1994; Dufour et al. Seventeen of the 25 species are native to Australia, with the range of some … (1994) and Tao and Zhang (1998). Rice chromosomes 5 and 10 as well as sorghum chromosomes 1 and 9 were substantially enriched for putative orthologs and outnumbered the remaining chromosomes of the respective genomes. Cytogenetically, sorghum is a diploid of 2n = 2x = 20 where 2n is the somatic chromosome number having two complete sets (2x) of chromosomes and a chromosome number of 20. The goal of this study was to elucidate major patterns in Sorghum genome evolution, particularly n=5 vs. n=10 genomes. 1994; Xu et al. 2n = 10, 20, 30, 40). 1998; Tao et al. Asterisks denote signals from the 17 BACs shown in Figure 1. 2. in which chromosome number is built by units of ten (i.e. Sorghum bicolor Genome View a sample region of chromosome 1 or select a region above: Genome / Gene Models The current genome assembly displayed at SbGDB is version JGI Sbi1. Sorghum bicolor is a widely grown cereal crop, particularly in Africa, ranking 5th in global cereal production. One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe. The patterns of signals enable FISH-based recognition of each chromosome pair and associate specific linkage groups with specific chromosomes. Following overnight incubation at 37°, slides were rinsed at 40° for 5 min in a series of washes consisting of 2× SSC, 50% formamide in 2× SSC, 2× SSC, and 4× SSC plus 0.2% Tween 20, respectively. Chromosome Number: 2n = 20. The NOR of its close rhizomatous relative, S. propinquum, is located in the short arm of the smallest chromosome (Magoon and Shambulingappa 1961). Correlation between mitotic metaphase chromosomes and linkage groups of sorghum using the map of Menz et al. Populations from the USA and Canada are of Mediterranean origin and are a tetraploid ecotype. If maize underwent an allotetraploid event after the divergence of maize from sorghum, why do these plants have an identical number of chromosomes? For FISH of the multi-probe cocktail from 17 BAC clones, 50× Cot-1 DNA was added to the probe mixture, which was denatured at 90° for 10 min, chilled on ice, and then annealed for 30 min before application to the slide. Chromosomes are numbered according to size and linkage groups are labeled alphabetically. FISH-karyotypic analysis of parents and meiotic analysis of their F1 hybrids might alert researchers to perturbations that could otherwise cryptically distort linkage maps and predictions derived from them or preclude expected genetic gains. Seven accessions of S. … We discovered a 45 kb sorghum BAC (22B2) that differentially hybridizes to centromere regions of 10 of the 20 chromosomes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor. 1998, 2000; Boivin et al. Although C-banding can be used for identification of sorghum chromosomes that are not fully condensed (Yu et al. QTL of base to flag length (red), flag to rachis length (magenta), plant height (orange), number of nodes (blue) and days to flower (green) on ten sorghum chromosomes. SBI-01 is morphologically the most distinct chromosome of the sorghum haploid complement. The solid line represents the sorghum chromosome. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae, which includes about 25 species.Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. Therefore, the analysis was refined on the basis of rice and sorghum synteny. Sorghum leiocladumwas reported to have 2n= 20 chromosomes but a new number of 2n= 10 was counted. 2002). SBI-01 is morphologically the most distinct chromosome of the sorghum haploid complement. Linkage group identities and homologies were determined for metaphase chromosomes of Sorghum bicolor (2n = 20) by FISH of landed BACs. Data were exported to a spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel) and analyzed. The ability to reliably identify contracted chromosomes facilitated development of a standardized karyotype (ideogram) for Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. BTx623 contained an exceptionally long pair of chromosomes, SBI-01, eight pairs of metacentric chromosomes closely graded in size, SBI-02, -03, -04, -05, -07, -08, -09, and -10, and one pair of midsized submetacentric chromosomes, SBI-06. The lowest haploid. Prior to FISH, chromosomal DNA on slides was denatured at 70° in 100 μl of 70% formamide in 2× SSC on a hot block for 1.5 min followed by dehydration in 70% ethanol at −20° and 85, 95, and 100% ethanol at room temperature, respectively. Scatter plot representing the distribution of marker skewness of the six component sorghum maps, each dot representing one molecular marker.Vertical solid bars distinguish the 10 chromosomes, along the total map distance (x axis).The y axis details the log2 value of the ratio of the number of individuals carrying the A allele on the number of individuals carrying the B allele. 2003). https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.035980, Evidence for a Tumor Suppressor Role for the, Targeted Heritable Mutation and Gene Conversion by Cas9-CRISPR in, Chromosome Identification and Nomenclature of Sorghum bicolor. Its C4 photosynthesis, drought resistance, wide adaptation, and high nutritional value hold the promise to alleviate hunger in Africa. Copyright © 2021 by the Genetics Society of America. and rabi season are CSV 11, M 35-1, A 1, CSV 8R, Swathi, etc. Lengths of the remaining chromosomes followed a somewhat bimodal distribution, with SBI-02, -03, -04, and -05 constituting the group of longer chromosomes (3.87–3.44 μm) and SBI-06, -07, -08, -09, and -10 constituting the group of shorter ones (3.15–2.97 μm). Main determinant is the karyotype, referring to the number, as well as the size and shape of … As detailed in the methods, we combined SNPs that are within 1cM in genetic distance to construct a genetic map with 381 bins (bin map) with varying SNP numbers in each bin (File S3). For linkage groups that relate well to the structure of the BTx623 genome, we suggest that they be referred to analogously, as LG-01 to LG-10 and that arms be oriented as is customary in karyotypes: p (short) arm at the top and q (long) arm at the bottom (Figure 2). Home; Contact Us; Yield Results; Products; Corn; Sorghum; Sorghum Forage; Sorghum Sudangrass 1964; Bennett and Laurie 1995; Sang and Liang 2000). Orthologous chromosomal locations of selected 20 sugarcane BACs on each chromosome arm of the 10 sorghum chromosomes. Molecular cytogenetic methods were as described by Kim et al. 1991). 2000; Haussmann et al. The tree was rooted u… Table1 Chromosome number reduction in plant genomes Species (common name) Extant basic chromosome number Rounds of WGD/WGT Ancestral basic chromosome number Inferred chromosome number if no reduction Cereals Brachypodium distachyon (purple false brome) 5 1 (q)7q 14 Oryza sativa (rice) 12 1 (q)7q 14 Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) 10 1 (q)7q 14 Distal regions of euchromatin and pericentromeric regions of … 1. chromosome number found in . One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe. sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) have the same number of chromo-somes (2n 5 20). Such structural differences between parents can complicate linkage analysis (e.g., see Bowers et al. HK grew the sorghum plant, carried out the quantification of their sucrose content, and revised the manuscript. FISH markers enabled identification of all 20 mitotic metaphase chromosomes with respect to homology (within cells) and common identity (across cells) and relative to linkage groups (Figure 1, Table 1). (2002), except as follows. 1995 ; Murray et al. Thus, the designation of relative arm sizes at metaphase should connote relative molecular size as well. Varieties recommended for kharif season are CSV 10, CSV 11, SPV 462, SPV 475, etc. and . It is also used as biofuel crop and potential cellulosic feedstock. It should be noted, however, that the relative length of the two SBI-01 arms shifts during the mitotic chromosome contraction. The arm ratio (average long arm/short arm ratio), total chromosome length (short arm + long arm), and relative chromosome length (length of the individual chromosome/total length of all chromosomes in the genome) were calculated for each chromosome in the complement. The short arm is closely related to Brachypodium chromosome 4, sorghum chromosome 8 and rice chromosome 12; the long arm to regions of Brachypodium chromosomes 4 and 1, sorghum chromosomes 1 and 2 and rice chromosomes 9 and 3. The centromere for each chromatid was identified by the primary constriction and also by FISH of the centromere-associated sequence pCEN38 (Zwick et al. 2n = 10, 20, 30, 40). 2008b ; Ritter et al. The lack of a common nomenclature system for sorghum linkage groups, however, has made it difficult and cumbersome to compare and use results obtained by different groups. Sorghum is reflected in the chromosome number of the species belonging to the different subgenera (Figure 1). 2005a). Cytogenetic analysis led to the understanding of the nature of chromosomal variations, origins, and probable relationships based on chromosome morphology. Sorghum bicolor has a haploid chromosome number of 10, containing 530 Mb with 33,000 protein-coding genes. Metaphase chromosome arms were measured and tabulated and later sorted by total chromosome length (Table 1). Each translocation stock was crossed and backcrossed once to a low-dhur­ rin line of sudangrass. ), and the National Science Foundation Plant Genome grants DBI-0077713 (J.E.M. S. halepense has a chromosome number of either 2n=20 or 2n= 40. Of these common markers included, 251 were selected as bridge markers on the 10 sorghum chromosomes, i.e. The number of bases incorporated into the genome, the contiguity of the sequence, and the accuracy of the sequence improved in version 3. var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; SK participated in the breeding of the sorghum SIL-05 (line number 89) and provided the seeds. These sorghum chromosomes … The Genetics Society of America (GSA), founded in 1931, is the professional membership organization for scientific researchers and educators in the field of genetics. Sorghum nitidum is also a perennial diploid with 2n = 10, 20 and is found in Queensland, New Guinea, and … 32 Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Sorghum between two gene pools (GP 1 and GP 2) is possible; however, usually diffi cult to achieve. We thank William L. Rooney, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, for providing seed for mitotic preparations. Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. 2000; Cheng et al. 2003). 1964; Bennett and Laurie 1995; Sang and Liang 2000). All authors read and … Approach (from AD-416) Obtain chromosome counts and determine genome size for 19 wild sorghum species. The 5A genes were used to search for syntenic relationships between grass genomes. Relative lengths of chromosomes in FISH-karyotyped metaphase spreads of the elite inbred BTx623 were used to estimate the molecular size of each chromosome and to establish a size-based nomenclature for sorghum chromosomes (SBI-01 … Parasorghum. Lengths of arms were determined to orient linkage groups relative to a standard karyotypic layout (short arms at top). 1999; Bhattramakki et al. 1994; Pereira et al. Relationship of the FISH-based karyotype of sorghum and the linkage groups composing the various linkage maps of the sorghum genome. Chromosome numbers of the 21 sorghum species studied are listed in Table 2. 2002). Chromosomal locations of sugar-related genes in sorghum. The tetraploid S. halepense (2n=40) will hybridize with diploid cultivated sorghum, Sorghumbicolor (L.) Moench (2n=20), and the progeny are usually sterile triploids which may be … The red rectangle represents the sugarcane BACs. 2001; Kulikova et al. FISH-identified chromatid arms were measured and averaged to determine the length for each arm of the genome. and DBI-0321578 (P.E.K., J.E.M., and R.R.K.). This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Because sorghum as restriction fragment length polymorphisms and maize have a haploid chromosome number of ten, (RFLPs) to map the genomesof two species for a they are thought to represent ancient polyploids de- common set of markers (loci). List of genetic markers and their anchored BACs used for integrating linkage and cytogenetic maps. The relationship between sorghum chromosomes and many of the published sorghum linkage maps is also shown in Table 1. 2008 ). Chromosome number Locality Sorghum × almum Parodi-1 Liu 237 (ILRI 13515) IBSC/US Perennial 2n = 2x = 40 Ethiopia S. × almum-2 Liu 432 (PI 190579) IBSC Argentina S. × drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) The chromosome number for E. esculenta appears to be variable, from 2n = 36, 42, 48, 54 to 2n = 72 (CCDB, undated), but cultivated strains are hexaploid (Aoki and Yamaguchi, 2008). 1992; Fransz et al. 2002; K im et al. Anchoring of the sorghum maps to those of rice … Sorghum bicolor is a drought tolerant C4 grass used for the production of grain, forage, sugar, and lignocellulosic biomass and a genetic model for C4 grasses due to its relatively small genome (approximately 800 Mbp), diploid genetics, diverse germplasm, and colinearity with other C4 grass genomes. The diploid races originated in south Eurasia. For most well-studied genomes, linkage group nomenclature and chromosomal designations are integrated and are usually based on biological parameters, e.g., chromosome size, arm length, and arm orientation (Werner et al. 2000). The most recognizable chromosome number transition is whole-genome duplication (WGD), or more generally polyploidy, which due to the recent finding that many seemingly diploid species have in fact … Homologous chromosome pairs were identified with the aid of MacProbe v.4.2.3, according to the pattern of signal on each chromosome. The karyotype of BTx623 is grossly similar to those of other sorghum accessions and cultivars (Magoon and Shambulingappa 1960; Magoon and Ramana 1961; Magoon et al. is five and most polyploid species are autopolyploids. 1998; Künzel et al. The consistent use of two digits will facilitate data sorting by computers. The BAC 79A20 was corresponding to an arm of the sorghum chromosome … BACs used for FISH were derived from libraries prepared by Woo et al. The sequenced reads were mapped to the sorghum reference genome 2 assembly (version … Despite this, a high-quality genome sequence was assembled from homozygous sorghum genotype … Among 335 accessions available to breeders from a previously genotyped sorghum association panel (SAP), we found that 75 were resistant to anthracnose. Sorghum carries out carbon fixation through the C4 pathway and is an ideal grass model for comparison with rice which uses the C3 pathway. The medial position seen in BTx623 is of interest, but not unique. a.async=true;a.type="text/javascript";b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)}, 1); Abstract. number of resistant accessions are present in the temperate-adapted germplasm; other exotic sources of resistance are not currently available for breeding programs. Sorghum bicolor has a haploid chromosome number of 10, containing 530 Mb with 33,000 protein-coding genes. The adoption of a common reference for nomenclature of sorghum chromosomes and a related nomenclature for linkage groups would facilitate development of gramineous genomics, e.g., by enhancing communication between research groups and data usage across genome maps. In addition, the molecular cytology of three sorghum chromosomes has been analyzed in detail using genetically mapped BAC clones and FISH (I slam-F aridi et al. Root tips from glasshouse-grown sorghum [S. bicolor (L.) Moench] plants of the elite line BTx623 were treated with saturated aqueous α-monobromonaphthalene for 2 hr and then fixed and processed for slide making as described previously (Kim et al. Accessions of S. … Karyomorphology of sorghum propinquum and its bearing on origin. Determine the length for each chromatid was identified using the whole-genome shotgun technique seen in BTx623 of! The Texas Agricultural Experimental Station, Texas a & M University, analysis... 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